Liquefaction hazard assessment in a seismically active region of Himalayas using geotechnical and geophysical investigations: a case study of the Jammu Region

The Jammu Region (JR) in the northwestern Himalayas trigged by medium to high magnitude near-field as well far-field earthquake events, including most recent 2019 Mirpur earthquake. In this paper, an attempt has been made develop zonation map for liquefaction hazard JR based on potential index ( $$\mathrm{LPI}$$ ) and probability of $${P}_{L}$$ ). To achieve this, factor safety against was estimated using standard penetration test (SPT) data collected from geotechnical consultancies shear wave velocity measured during field testing at 243 locations, integrated generated. features such sand blows ground rupture were found Jatah (Samba district) Simbal (Jammu district). According map, places near bank Tawi River Ravi have young alluvium, making them particularly prone liquefaction. Liquefaction does not occur eastern western sections because velocities rock shallow depth, it also central area due thick deposits. values ranged 0 27.45 having very low risk. is greater than 0.75 sites located southwestern side uniformly graded soil extremely SPT (N) $${V}_{s}$$ values. This study will aid site planners construction structures that consider mitigation well-defined risk measures.